biotinylated mal ii  (Vector Laboratories)

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection drives osteoclast overactivation via α2,3-Sialylation to promote pathological bone destruction

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1738896

Figure Lengend Snippet: α2,3-sialylation is required for BCG-induced osteoclast differentiation and activity (A) Comparison of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BCG-infected osteoclasts (RB) and uninfected controls (R). (n = 3 biological replicates per group, differential expression was defined as |FoldChange| > 2 and padj <0.05). (B) Volcano plot of DEGs highlighting genes related to sialic acid biosynthesis. (C) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of upregulated DEGs in RB cells. (D,E) Immunofluorescence staining of α2,3-SA in mouse calvarial sections using MAL II lectin, with quantification of α2,3-SA fluorescence intensity (n = 5). Intensity density was normalized to the PBS group mean. (F) In vitro osteoclasts subjected to MAL II lectin staining and TRAP staining, with or without sialidase treatment to enzymatically remove α2,3-SA. (G) Quantification of α2,3-SA fluorescence intensity in cultured osteoclasts (n = 5). Intensity density was measured in cellular ROIs after background subtraction and normalized to the RANKL group mean. (H) Quantification of TRAP + multinucleated cells (≥3 nuclei) per field (randomly selected fields, fixed magnification) in vitro (n = 5). (I) mRNA expression levels of osteoclast differentiation markers ( Fos, Mmp9, Nfatc1, and Ocstamp ) in osteoclasts (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test for two-group comparisons (E) and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for three-group comparisons (G–I) .

Article Snippet: Biotin MAL-II , Vector laboratories , Cat# B-1265-1.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Comparison, Infection, Quantitative Proteomics, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence, In Vitro, Cell Culture, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the bovine penis. Panels A1-3 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panel B represents MAA-I lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind the chicken adapted strain of IAV. Panels C1-3 represent SNA lectin staining, which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panels A3 and C3 represent whole slide images assembled by stitching together multiple overlapping, high magnification images (10X 5 × 5, 500 μm.). Panel D represents the negative control in which no lectins were added. Arrows in panel A2 indicate the stratified urethral epithelium. UL, urethral lumen; CS, corpus spongiosum; CC corpus cavernosum. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining, Negative Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the bovine seminal vesicles and vas deferens. Panels A1-3 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panels B1-3 represent MAA-I lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind the chicken adapted strain of IAV. Panels C1-3 represent SNA lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panels D1-2 represents the negative control in which no lectins were added. VL, vas deferens lumen; VE, pseudostratified vas deferens epithelium; CC, connective tissue; SM, smooth muscle. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining, Negative Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the bovine epididymis, testis and spermatozoa. Panels A1-3 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panels B1-4 represent MAA-I lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind the chicken adapted strain of IAV. Panels C1-7 represent SNA lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panels D1-3 represent the negative control in which no lectins were added. In panel C4 the white arrowhead is pointing towards a seminiferous tubule containing developing germ and Sertoli cells whereas the asterisk indicates the interstitium containing Leydig cells, blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue. In panel C5, the black shaded arrowhead is pointing to the elongated spermatids whereas the grey shaded arrowhead is pointing towards the round spermatids. VL, vas deferens lumen; VE, pseudostratified vas deferens epithelium; CC, connective tissue; SM, smooth muscle; EL, epidydimal lumen containing spermatozoa and broken stereocilia; EE, epididymal epithelium. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining, Negative Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the bovine vagina, and cervix. Panels A1-2 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panels B1-4 represent MAA-I lectin staining, which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind the chicken adapted strain of IAV. Panels C1-2 represent SNA lectin staining, which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panels D1-3 represent the negative controls in which no lectins were added. VE, stratified squamous vaginal epithelium; VL, vaginal lumen; CC, connective tissue; CE, simple columnar cervical epithelium; CL, cervical lumen. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the bovine uterus. Panels A1-2 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panels B1-4 represent MAA-I lectin staining, which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind he chicken adapted strain of IAV. Panels C1-4 represent SNA lectin staining, which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panels D1-2 represent the negative controls in which no lectins were added. Panels A2, B2, C2 and D2 represent whole slide images assembled by stitching together multiple overlapping, high magnification images (20X 3 × 3, 150 μm). Panels B5 and C5 also represent whole slide images assembled by stitching together multiple overlapping, high magnification images (10X 5 × 5, 500 μm.). White arrowhead indicates endometrial glands and black arrowhead indicates vasculature. UL, uterine lumen; ULE, uterine luminal epithelium; UST, uterine stroma containing glands, blood vessels and connective tissue. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the bovine oviduct and ovary. Panels A1-3 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panels B1-4 represent MAA-I lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind the chicken adapted stain of IAV. Panels C1-5 represent SNA lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panels A3, B3, C3 and D2 focus on antral follicles. Panel C4 focuses on primordial follicles whereas panel A4 and C5 focuses on ovarian vasculature. Panels D1-2 represent the negative controls in which no lectins were added. Black arrowhead indicates vasculature. OL, oviductal lumen; OE, oviductal epithelium; CC, connective tissue. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36120-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNA, MAA-I and MAA-II lectin histochemistry within the mammary glands of lactating and non-lactating cows. Panels A1-2 represent MAA-II lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-3 sialic acids which bind the duck adapted strain of IAV. Panels B1-2 represent MAA-I lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-Galβ1-4 sialic acids which bind the chicken adapted strain of IAV. Panels C1-2 represent SNA lectin staining which is specific for the α2,3-linked sialic acids which bind the human adapted strain of IAV. Panel D represents the negative control in which no lectins were added. AL, alveolar lumen; AE, alveolar epithelium; CC, connective tissue. Scale bar at 10X is 100 μm and at 20X is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Biotinylated lectins were used to detect specific sialic acid linkages, SNA; α2,6-linked sialic acids (B-1305–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-I; α2,3-Galβ1-4, and (B-1315–2, Vector Laboratories), MAA-II; α2,3-Galβ1-3 (B-1265-, Vector Laboratories).

Techniques: Staining, Negative Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Intestinal epithelial Casd1 influences mucus sialic acid O- acetylation and tissue damage susceptibility toward large-intestinal mucosal insults

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.07.702670

Figure Lengend Snippet: A . Representative Alcian Blue (AB) staining of CFPE distal colon sections showing overall in situ fecal-adherent mucus barrier structure. Right, bar plot (mean +/- SEM) overlaid with individual data points of mean mucus thickness per mouse. B . Epifluorescent imaging of lectin-stained (MALII, green; UEA1, red) CFPE sections of tissue and secreted mucus. Right, bar plot (mean +/- SEM) overlaid with individual data points of mean mucus thickness per male or female mouse as indicated. C . Representative (n = 4/genotype) confocal image of lectin-FISH-stained tissues from CFPE distal colon sections. D . Venn diagrams comparing similar (overlapping) and unique (non-overlapping) glycans between strains and sexes. E . Waffle chart showing relative abundances of individual classes of fecal Muc2-derived O -glycans between strains and sexes. F . Heatmap showing abundances of unique glycans in males and females within neutral or acidic groups. Absence of a tile indicates a non-detect in that specific group. G . Sex-stratified estimated marginal mean effect sizes (KO–WT ± 95% CI) for glycans selected by sex-adjusted main effects ( p ₘₐᵢₙ < 0.05 or |estimateₘₐᵢₙ| > 1); asterisks indicate nominal significance ( p < 0.05) from emmeans-based genotype contrasts within sex. H . Bar plot (mean +/- SEM) of relative abundances of specific glycans that were differentially abundant between WT and KO mice of either sex. I . Glycan length analysis depicted as histograms of frequencies of different glycan lengths, with the dashed line showing mean length.

Article Snippet: For lectin labelling , s ections were incubated with biotinylated Maackia amurensis lectin II (MAL-II, 1:200, Vector B-1265) for 2 h at RT or overnight at 4°C, rinsed with PBS, and incubated with DyLight 488–Streptavidin (5 μg/mL; Jackson ImmunoResearch) and rhodamine–UEA-I (2 μg/mL, Vector Laboratories) for 1 h at RT in the dark.

Techniques: Staining, In Situ, Imaging, Derivative Assay, Glycoproteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Intestinal epithelial Casd1 influences mucus sialic acid O- acetylation and tissue damage susceptibility toward large-intestinal mucosal insults

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.07.702670

Figure Lengend Snippet: A . Schematic of DSS treatment strategy. B . Clinical disease activity after DSS treatment. C . Body weight loss after DSS treatment. D . Picture of colons of mice in response to DSS treatment. E . Representative low mag (upper panel) and high mag (lower panel) H&E staining of FFPE distal colons. F . Representative histology of FFPE colons at 7d post-DSS. G . Bar plot (mean ± SD) of histologic damage scores, with data points representing individual mice (* p < 0.05). H . AB staining of mucus in FFPE colons; Right, bar plot (mean ± SEM) of mean mucus thickness per condition, with data points representing mean mucus thickness of individual mice. I . Representative (n = 3 mice/group) confocal imaging of lectin:FISH-stained FFPE distal colons at 7d post-TM. J . Density plot quantifying numbers of FISH+ cells penetrating the mucus and tissues. K . Spearman’s correlation analysis between proximal colon damage and ulceration and distal colon mucus thickness (top plots respectively) and between ulceration levels and damage score as a positive expected correlation control (bottom plot).

Article Snippet: For lectin labelling , s ections were incubated with biotinylated Maackia amurensis lectin II (MAL-II, 1:200, Vector B-1265) for 2 h at RT or overnight at 4°C, rinsed with PBS, and incubated with DyLight 488–Streptavidin (5 μg/mL; Jackson ImmunoResearch) and rhodamine–UEA-I (2 μg/mL, Vector Laboratories) for 1 h at RT in the dark.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining, Imaging, Control